Out of five parts of panchangam, fifth part is karana. karana indicates significance of a part of the thithi. karana is half of the thithi. There are 11 karanas. Each tithi has two karanas i.e. poorvaardha karana and uttaraardha karana. shukla paksha and krishna paksha are separate. Each karana has adhipati that is called karanaadhipati and ruled by a planet. Details are in the below table:

karana-adhi devata-ruling planet/graha:

1. bava – indra – shukra 2. baalava – brahmaa – shani 3. kaulava – mitra – ravi 4. taitula – aryama – guru 5. gariji – bhoomi – kuja 6. vanija – lakshmi – shukra 7. bhadra (vishti) – yama – shani 8. shakuni – kaali – shukra 9. chatushpaada – rudra – ravi 10 naaga – phani – budha 11 kimstughna – vaayu – shani

Out of 11 karanas, bava, balava, kaulava, gariji, vanija, are subha karanas. There are two types of karanas i.e. chara karanas, sthira karanas

Note: Especially in bhadra karanam, do not perform any subha karmas. Generally, in shukla paksha – poorvaardha – ashtamee, poornimaa, uttaraardha – chavitee, ekaadashi, bahula paksha poorvaardha – saptamee, chaturdashi uttaraardha – tadiyaa, dashamee, bhadrakarana will be there.

When chandra is in karkaataka, simha, kumbha, meena  bhadra effect will be on bhoomi. During such time subhapradam.

This is the introduction of panchaanga swaroopam or kaala chakra.  In our sanaathana dharma before every kaaryakrama or programme we usually make sankalpam first. sankalpam (introduction) means we must know the kala swaroopam on that day. 

sankalpam for residents of Hyderabad: adya brhmanah, dviteeya paraardhe, sveta  varaah kalpe, vaivasvata  manvantare, ashtaa vimshati mahaayuge, kaliyuge, prathama paade, jamboo dweepe bharata varshe, bharata khande,shreeshailasya vayuvya dikbhaage, krishnaa godavaryoh madhyapradeshe, swagruhe / vasati gruhe, asmin vartamaanena vyaavahaarika chaandramaanena …………… nama samvatsare, uttara / dakshina aayane, vasanta / greeshma / varsha / sharad / hemanta / shishira rutau, …… maase, …… pakshe, …… tithau, ……… vaasare, ………nakshatra, ……. karane, ……. yoge, …………gothrasya, …….naamadheyasya.  So, we must introduce with the details of panchaangam.

How to prepare the panchaangam and how to calculate all these items are explained and available in siddhaanta and ganita bhaagam. The different types of ganita (calculations) are: soorya siddaanta, driksiddaanta, saayana and nirayana paddhati. 

There are, according to rushi kashyapa and ancient scriptures, a total of 18 khagola shastra pravartakas. They are:

सूर्यः पितामहो व्यासो वसिष्ठोत्रिः पराशरः।

कश्यपो नारदो गर्गो मरीचिर्मनुरङ्गिराः।

रोमशः पौलिशश्चैव च्यवनो यवनो भृगुः ।

शौनकोष्टा दशाश्चैते ज्योतिश्शास्त्र प्रवर्तकाः ।।

sooryah pitaamaho vyaaso vasishtotrih paraasharah |

kashyapo naarado gagargo mareechirmanurangiraah |

romashah paulishashchaiva chyavano yavano bhruguh |

shaunakoshtaa dashaashchaite jyotishshaastra pravartakaah ||

1. 1. soorya pitaamaha
2. vyaasa 4. vasishtha
3. atri 6. paraashara
4. kashyapa 8. naarada
5. garga 10. mareechi
6. manu 12. angirasa
7. romasha 14. poulisha
8. chyavana   16. yavana
9. 17. bhrugu Shaunaka

In present days i.e. kaliyuga, bhaskaracharya, varaaha mihira, brahmaa gupta, aarya bhatta are famous research scholars in siddhaanta bhaaga.

muhoorta:  muhoorta means auspicious kaala/time. Duration of muhoorta is 2 ghadiyas or 48 minutes and out of these 48 minutes, very auspicious time is only 2 minutes i.e. muhoorta time. In astrology muhoorta comprehends the selection of auspicious time for every new event. muhoorta as a matter of fact, helps us to determine when exactly the influences contained in time (kaalam) are well disposed. If we start an event in a favorable time, the ethereal currents liberated from the planets at that moment, will work in the minds of others and make them help the person to attain success: 

Ex: In marriages, if in the girl’s horoscope widowhood is threatened, it can be averted by selecting a very auspicious moment for celebrating the marriage.  We call such an auspicious moment, when all the beneficial ethereal currents are called into operation ‘shubha lagna’ and the inauspicious moment ‘ashubha lagna’.  While calculating muhoorta we will consider specific event related stars, tithi, vaara, lagna, kaaraka planet position in transit supposing a person has fixed a particular time on a particular day in a particular month for commencing some important work, ‘whether the five sources of energy operate favorably at that time can be ascertained.  In all the cases lunar dates must be considered and the constellations can be found out by the moon’s position.  The method of counting the lunar days is already discussed.  Then take the number of lunar days from the first of each lunar month, the number of weekdays from sunday, the number of constellations from ashwini and number of zodiacal signs from aries.  Add all and divide the total by 9.

               if the reminder is 1 – indicates ‘mrityu’ (danger or death)

               If the reminder is 2 – indicates ‘agni’ (danger from Fire)

               If the reminder is 4 – indicates ‘raaja panchaka (very bad)

               If the reminder is 6 – indicates ‘chora’ panchaka (bad)

               If the reminder is 8 – indicates ‘roga panchaka (disease bringing)

               So, if the reminder is 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, the muhurtha is not good.

If reminder is 3, 5, 7 or 0 (no reminder at all) then it is good.  Thus, muhoorta is called panchaka rahita is very good muhoorta.  In addition to that for any occasion, the eighth bhava from muhoorta lagna must be free and without any planet.

Ex: For marriage muhoorta:  The 7^th & 8^th house from the marriage ascendant/lagna must be free and without any planet. This is called saptama and ashtama shuddhi.  Venus must not be in the 6^th house, jupiter, venus, or mercury should be in 1, 4, 10 excepting the 7^th and 2^nd house from muhoorta lagna.

New moon day, Full moon day, the 8^th & 6^th lunar days must be avoided.  The lunar months of maagha, phaalguna, vaishaakha and jyeshta are good. Constellations uttara phalguni, uttttaraashada, uttarabhaadra, revati, swaati, makha, hasta, rohini, anooraadhaa, mrugaseersha and moola are favourable.

Like this every separate occasion, there are separate tithi, month, nakshatra are there.  Accordingly, we must select muhoorta for a particular event.  While selecting the muhoorta, we must avoid 21 mahaa doshas also.

           प्रवेशे द्वादशे शुद्धि पट्टमेकादश स्तथा ।

           प्राशसं दशों शुद्धि नवसीमन्तचौलयोः ।

           उपवीतञ्चाष्टमञ्च विवाहं चैव सप्तमे ।

           षष्टेतु नव वस्त्राणि  प्रयाणंचैव पञ्चमे ।

           चतुर्थे शत्रु संयोगं तृतीये राजदर्शनम् ।

           द्वितीये धननिक्षेपं   लग्नं स्त्री सङ्गमं तथा ।।

praveshe dvaadashe shuddhi pattamekaadasha stathaa |

praashasam dashom shuddhi navaseemantachaulayoh |

upaveetamnchaashtamanccha vivaaham chaiva saptame |

shashtetu nava vastraani prayaanamchaiva panchame |

chaturthe shatru samyogam truteeye raajadarshanam |

dviteeye dhananikshepam lagnam stree sangamam tathaa ||

               This is brief introduction regarding muhoorta.

gochaara phalas:  In predicting gochaara results (dina, vaara, maasa, saamvatsara), the moon and the birth constellations play a paramount part.  Mark the position of the moon at the time of birth.  The sign in which the birth moon is placed is called the janma raasi.

We shall first enumerate the likely results that are supposed to accrue on account of transits of the different planets in the different signs from the moon and then describe the special rules governing gochaara.  gochaara results should be judged by reference to ‘vedha sthaanas’ (obstructing points).  Astrological predictions can be accurate when the influences of birth chart are blended with those of gochaara with vedha or obstructing forces.  As it is vast subject, this is only brief introduction about gochaara.

Hora: Duration of one hour time is called hora, there are 24 horas in a day commencing from sun rise. These are sun (ravi hora), venus (sukra hora), mercury (budha hora), moon (chandra hora), saturn (sani hora), jupiter (guru hora) and mars (kuja hora). On every day the first hora starts with the day lord i.e. Sunday the first hora starts with sun hora, Monday starts with moon hora, Tuesday starts with mars hora, Wednesday starts with mercury hora, Thursday starts with jupiter hora, Friday starts with venus’s hora and Saturday starts with saturn hora.  On any given day the horas continue completion of every cycle.

                भानुहोरा मृतिं कुर्यात् चन्द्रहोरा  स्थिरासनम् ।

                काराबन्धं भौमहोरा बुधहोरा च पुत्रदा ।

                वस्त्रालङ्कार दा जीवहोरा शौक्री विवाह दा ।

               जडत्वं शनिहोरायां सप्ताहोरा फलं त्विदम् ।

प्रश्नकाले यदा होरा तदा फलमवाप्नुयात् ॥

bhaanuhoraa mrutim kuryaat chandrahoraa sthiraasanam |

kaaraabandham bhaumahoraa budhahoraa cha putradaa |

vastraalankaara daa jeevahoraa shaukree vivaaha daa |

jadatvam shanihoraayaam saptaahoraa phalam tvidam |

prashnakaale yadaa horaa tadaa phalamavaapnuyaat ||

The works started in a subha hora give good results. The subha horas are chandra, guru, shukra & budha. 

               Reference books to study the siddhaanta bhaagam are:

1. aarya siddhaantam or aarya bhatteeyam
2. siddhaanta shiromani
3. graha laaghavam
4. ganikaanandam
5. nara kantheeravam
6. tithi ratnaavali
7. tithi chandrikaa
8. khechara darpanam
9. dina chandrikaa
10. panchaanga manjoosha and 
11. siddhaanta rahasyam are some of the prominent books.
12. In the recent past Sri Damodara Bapuji Ketakar is a famous driksiddhaanta ganita research scholar.  He wrote jyotirganitam.  It is very useful for driksiddhaanta ganitam as many panchaanga kartaas are following driksiddhaanta ganitam which is approved by the Govt of India.

panchaanga shravana phalam:

श्रीकल्याणगुणावहं रिपुहरं दुःस्वप्नदोषापहम् ।

गङ्गास्नानविशेषपुण्यफलदं गोदानतुल्यं नृणाम् ।

आयुर्वृद्धिदमुत्तमं शुचिकरं सन्तानसम्पत्प्रदम् ।

नानाकर्मसु साधनं समुचितं पञ्चाङ्गमाकर्ण्यताम्।।

shreekalyaanagunaavaham ripuharam duhswapnadoshaapaham |

gangaasnaanavisheshapunyaphaladam godaanatulyam nrunaam |

aayurvruddhidamuttamam shuchikaram santaanasampatpradam |

naanaakarmasu saadhanam samuchitam panchaangamaakanyataam ||

Reference Material

Brief on Panchaangam by Dr. Bala Tripura Sundari Prakhya

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Iw22PgWeQfpAINFN8Ab3VyDdSnFHW8ut/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=112620883873552290450&rtpof=true&sd=true

https://vedasamskrutisamiti.org.in/panchaangam/

https://vedasamskrutisamiti.org.in/panchaangam-24-oct-2022-lecture-notes/